Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis These are two very specific terms. Spondylolysis refers to a “rupture” (lysis) of a bone bridge in the posterior arch of a lumbar vertebra. Most often, this lysis appears in tee...
Scoliosis It is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, usually in the thoracic or lumbar region, or across the two anatomical regions.
Low back pain Low back pain is defined as pain in the lumbosacral area, most often due to natural aging of the spine: wear of the disc (degeneration, disc disease etc.), and of the facet joints. Low back...
Thoracic disc herniation As in the case of cervical or lumbar herniations, thoracic disc herniation is due to natural aging of the spine. Many studies on mono-zygotic (real) twins have shown that disc de...
Lumbar disc herniation Lumbar disc herniation is a consequence of degeneration (normal aging) of the lumbar intervertebral disc. Part of the disc may protrude back into the lumbar vertebral canal, thro...
Cervical disc herniation (cervico-brachialgia) Cervical disc herniation is defined as a part of the intervertebral disc pushing into the cervical spinal canal: protrusion, fragment, etc. The natural aging of the disc causes its dehydrat...
Cervicalgia (neck pain) Cervicalgia is a general term referring to pain in the cervical spine. Most of the time, it is muscle fatigue pain. Like nonspecific low back pain (common low back pain), it is most often l...
Lumbar spinal stenosis Lumbar spinal stenosis also results from disc degeneration. This causes a transfer of mechanical charges on the articular facets in particular, producing in the long term osteophytary beaks...
Cervical spinal stenosis It is a narrowing of the cervical spinal canal, most often caused by natural aging of the cervical spine (a form of osteoarthritis). Bony outgrowths, bulging of the disc and thickening of t...
